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ÃÀÐÌÎÍÈÊÀ
ÃÀÐÌÎÍÈÊÀ — ôóíêöèÿ âèäà . Ã. åñòü ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ñ ïåðèîäîì . Êîëåáàòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå, ñîâåðøàåìîå ïî ôîðìóëå (ïåðåìåííàÿ — âðåìÿ), íàçûâàåòñÿ ïðîñòûì ãàðìîíè÷åñêèì êîëåáàíèåì; ïðè ýòîì ÷èñëî íàçûâàåòñÿ àìïëèòóäîé êîëåáàíèÿ, — êðóãîâîé ÷àñòîòîé (êðóãîâîé ñêîðîñòüþ), — íà÷àëüíîé ôàçîé êîëåáàíèÿ. Ôóíêöèè ; ,... íàçûâàþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî âòîðîé, òðåòüåé è ò.ä. âûñøèìè Ã. îòíîñèòåëüíî îñíîâíîé Ã. .
×èñëî íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòîòîé êîëåáàíèÿ. Åñëè — ÷àñòîòà ïåðâîé, èëè îñíîâíîé, Ã., òî ÷àñòîòû âûñøèõ Ã. ðàâíû (âòîðàÿ Ã.), (òðåòüÿ Ã.) è ò. ä.
×àñòî ïåðèîäè÷åñêóþ ôóíêöèþ ìîæíî àíàëèòè÷åñêè ïðåäñòàâèòü â âèäå ñóììû Ã. (ñì. Ãàðìîíè÷åñêèé àíàëèç):
,
ãäå — ïîñòîÿííàÿ ñðåäíÿÿ âåëè÷èíà ôóíêöèè , îêîëî êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò êîëåáàíèå, — àìïëèòóäà è ôàçà ïåðâîé (îñíîâíîé) Ã., — àìïëèòóäà è ôàçà âòîðîé Ã. è ò. ä.
Îáùèé âèä ïðîñòîé Ã. ñ ÷àñòîòîé ìîæíî çàïèñàòü è â âèäå , ãäå è — äåéñòâèòåëüíûå ÷èñëà:
.
Ãðàôèê Ã. ïîëó÷àåòñÿ èç ãðàôèêà ïóòåì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîãî ïîñòðîåíèÿ è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ãðàôèêîâ ôóíêöèé:
, , , ;
ãðàôèê ðàñòÿãèâàþò â íàïðàâëåíèè îñè â ðàç, çàòåì ïîëó÷åííûé ãðàôèê ñæèìàþò ïî îñè â ðàç è, íàêîíåö, ïîëó÷åííûé ãðàôèê ïåðåíîñÿò (ñäâèãàþò) â íàïðàâëåíèè îñè íà åäèíèöû äëèíû.
Îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ ñâîéñòâ Ã. ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, ÷òî Ã. óäîâëåòâîðÿåò äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîìó óðàâíåíèþ , , êîòîðîå îïèñûâàåò êîëåáàíèå ìàòåðèàëüíîé òî÷êè ìàññû îêîëî òî÷êè ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ñèëà, äåéñòâóþùàÿ íà òî÷êó, ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíà îòêëîíåíèþ îò òî÷êè ðàâíîâåñèÿ (è íàïðàâëåíà â ñòîðîíó òî÷êè ).
Ñì. òàêæå: Ñèíóñîèäà.
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