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ÃÈÏÅÐÁÎËÀ
ÃÈÏÅÐÁÎËÀ — êðèâàÿ, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ïåðåñå÷åíèåì êðóãîâîãî êîíóñà ïëîñêîñòüþ, ïàðàëëåëüíîé äâóì îáðàçóþùèì êîíóñà. Äðóãîå îïðåäåëåíèå: Ã. åñòü ìíîæåñòâî òî÷åê íà ïëîñêîñòè, ðàçíîñòü ðàññòîÿíèé êîòîðûõ (ïî àáñîëþòíîìó çíà÷åíèþ) äî äâóõ çàäàííûõ òî÷åê (ôîêóñîâ Ã.) ïîñòîÿííà (ðàâíà ) (ðèñ. 31). Åñëè è — ôîêóñû Ã., — òåêóùàÿ òî÷êà Ã., òî
.
Ðèñ. 31
Åñëè ðàñïîëîæèòü òî÷êè è íà ïëîñêîñòè, ñíàáæåííîé äåêàðòîâîé ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé ñèñòåìîé êîîðäèíàò, òàê, ÷òîáû êîîðäèíàòû è ðàâíÿëèñü ñîîòâåòñòâåííî è , òî óðàâíåíèå Ã. ïðèìåò âèä (êàíîíè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå Ã.):
, ,
×èñëà íàçûâàþòñÿ äëèíàìè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî äåéñòâèòåëüíîé è ìíèìîé ïîëóîñåé, âåëè÷èíà íàçûâàåòñÿ ýêñöåíòðèñèòåòîì Ã., .
Ã. ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ âåòâåé. Ïðÿìûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ àñèìïòîòàìè Ã. Ïðÿìûå íàçûâàþòñÿ äèðåêòðèñàìè Ã.  òåðìèíàõ äèðåêòðèñ ìîæåò áûòü ñôîðìóëèðîâàíî ñëåäóþùåå õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî òî÷åê Ã.: îòíîøåíèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ òî÷êè Ã. äî áëèæàéøåãî ôîêóñà ê ðàññòîÿíèþ äî áëèæàéøåé äèðåêòðèñû ïîñòîÿííî è ðàâíî ýêñöåíòðèñèòåòó.
Ã. èìååò äâå îñè ñèììåòðèè ( — äåéñòâèòåëüíàÿ îñü, — ìíèìàÿ îñü è öåíòð ñèììåòðèè ). Ã. — êðèâàÿ âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà. Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû êðèâàÿ âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà ñ óðàâíåíèåì áûëà Ã., íåîáõîäèìî è äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû
.
Ïîëÿðíîå óðàâíåíèå Ã. èìååò âèä:
(*)
( ïîëÿðíîé ñèñòåìå êîîðäèíàò, öåíòð êîòîðîé ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîêóñîì, à ïîëÿðíàÿ îñü íàïðàâëåíà ïî äåéñòâèòåëüíîé îñè Ã. â ïîëîæèòåëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.)  óðàâíåíèè (*) — ïîëÿðíûå êîîðäèíàòû òî÷êè Ã., — ôîêàëüíûé ïàðàìåòð, — ýêñöåíòðèñèòåò.
Åñëè çà îñè êîîðäèíàò íà ïëîñêîñòè âçÿòü àñèìïòîòû Ã., òî óðàâíåíèå Ã. ïðèìåò âèä: .
Ãðå÷. — èçáûòîê, ïðåâûøåíèå.
Ñì. òàêæå: Êîíè÷åñêèå ñå÷åíèÿ.
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