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ÃÐÀÍÈ×ÍÛÉ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ
ÃÐÀÍÈ×ÍÛÉ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ: 1°. Ã. î. êëåòî÷íîãî êîìïëåêñà — îïåðàòîð , îïðåäåëåííûé íà öåïÿõ êëåòî÷íîãî êîìïëåêñà, ò. å. íà öåëî÷èñëåííûõ ôîðìàëüíûõ ëèíåéíûõ êîìáèíàöèÿõ îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ êëåòîê êîìïëåêñà , ãäå — öåëûå ÷èñëà, — îðèåíòèðîâàííûå êëåòêè. Íà êàæäóþ êëåòêó ðàçìåðíîñòè îïåðàòîð äåéñòâóåò ïî ôîðìóëå
, (*)
ãäå , — âñå êëåòêè ðàçìåðíîñòè . Ñèìâîë îçíà÷àåò öåëîå ÷èñëî (êîýôôèöèåíò èíöèäåíòíîñòè), îïðåäåëÿåìîå ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì. Ïóñòü — îðèåíòèðîâàííûå êëåòêè è , — ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì õàðàêòåðèñòè÷åñêèå îòîáðàæåíèÿ. Ãðàíèöà ìíîæåñòâà îòîáðàæàåòñÿ ïîä äåéñòâèåì â -ìåðíûé îñòîâ ïðîñòðàíñòâà . Ýòîò îñòîâ ñòàíäàðòíûì îáðàçîì îòîáðàæàåòñÿ â ïðîñòðàíñòâî ; (çäåñü — -ìåðíûé îñòîâ, à îçíà÷àåò òîïîëîãè÷åñêîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî , â êîòîðîì ïîäìíîæåñòâî îáúÿâëåíî îäíîé òî÷êîé (òîïîëîãèÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîïîëîãèåé ). Ïðîñòðàíñòâî èìååò êëåòî÷íîå ðàçáèåíèå, ÿâëÿþùååñÿ áóêåòîì -ìåðíûõ ñôåð. Ðàññìîòðèì ñêâîçíîå îòîáðàæåíèå:
.
Âñÿêîå îòîáðàæåíèå îðèåíòèðîâàííîé ñôåðû â áóêåò îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ ñôåð ãîìîòîïè÷åñêè ýêâèâàëåíòíî (ñì. Ãîìîòîïè÷åñêàÿ ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòü) îòîáðàæåíèþ, ïîñòðîåííîìó ïî ñëåäóþùåé êîíñòðóêöèè: ñíà÷àëà ñôåðà ñòÿãèâàíèåì â òî÷êó íåñêîëüêèõ ïîäìíîæåñòâ , , ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â áóêåò ñôåð (Äëÿ ýòîãî íàäî â êà÷åñòâå âûáðàòü ñôåðû ðàçìåðíîñòè , ïåðåñåêàþùèåñÿ ìåæäó ñîáîé òîëüêî â îäíîé òî÷êå.) Äàëåå áóêåò îòîáðàæàåòñÿ â áóêåò òàê: ñôåðû áóêåòà îòîáðàæàþòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå (ïî íîìåðó) ñôåðû áóêåòà ; ïðè ýòîì êàæäîå òàêñå îòîáðàæåíèå , (ñ òî÷íîñòüþ äî ãîìîòîïè÷åñêîé ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè) îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ öåëûì ÷èñëîì — ñòåïåíüþ îòîáðàæåíèÿ.
Èòàê, ãðàíèöà øàðà îòîáðàæåíà â , à ñðåäè åñòü òà ñôåðà, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáðàçîì êëåòêè ïðè îòîáðàæåíèè (ïîïîëíåííûì îäíîé çàìûêàþùåé òî÷êîé).
Ïóñòü íîìåð ýòîé ñôåðû . Òîãäà
.
Äåéñòâèå îïåðàòîðà , îïðåäåëåííîå ôîðìóëîé (*), ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà ìíîæåñòâî âñåõ öåïåé ïî ëèíåéíîñòè, ò. å.
.
2°. Ã. î. ñèìïëèöèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà — îïåðàòîð , îïðåäåëåííûé íà öåïÿõ ñèìïëèöèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà, ò. å. íà öåëî÷èñëåííûõ ëèíåéíûõ êîìáèíàöèÿõ îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ ñèìïëåêñîâ ãäå — öåëûå ÷èñëà, — îðèåíòèðîâàííûå ñèìïëåêñû. Íà êàæäûé ñèìïëåêñ ðàçìåðíîñòè îïåðàòîð äåéñòâóåò ïî ôîðìóëå
, (**)
ãäå — ñîâîêóïíîñòü êîãåðåíòíî îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ ãðàíåé ñèìïëåêñà , ò. å. åñëè , òî , çäåñü âåðøèíû ñèìïëåêñà, à — îðèåíòàöèÿ ñèìïëåêñà.
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