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ÃÎÌÎÒÅÒÈß
ÃÎÌÎÒÅÒÈß — îäèí èç âèäîâ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïëîñêîñòè è ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Ã. ñ öåíòðîì â òî÷êå è êîýôôèöèåíòîì íàçûâàåòñÿ òàêîå îòîáðàæåíèå ìíîæåñòâà òî÷åê ïëîñêîñòè íà ñåáÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì âñÿêàÿ òî÷êà îòîáðàæàåòñÿ â òî÷êó òàêóþ, ÷òî âûïîëíÿåòñÿ âåêòîðíîå ðàâåíñòâî: . Àíàëîãè÷íî Ã. îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ è äëÿ òðåõìåðíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà. Ã. ïðè îçíà÷àåò êàê áû «ðàñòÿæåíèå» âñåé ïëîñêîñòè îò òî÷êè — öåíòðà Ã. Åñëè êîýôôèöèåíò Ã. ïîëîæèòåëüíûé, íî ìåíüøå 1 , òî Ã. åñòü «ñæàòèå» ïëîñêîñòè ê òî÷êå . Åñëè , òî Ã. åñòü òîæäåñòâåííîå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå (îòîáðàæåíèå) ïëîñêîñòè íà ñåáÿ.
Åñëè êîýôôèöèåíò Ã. , òî Ã. åñòü öåíòðàëüíàÿ ñèììåòðèÿ ñ öåíòðîì ñèììåòðèè â òî÷êå . Îòìåòèì äðóãèå ñâîéñòâà Ã. Ëþáàÿ ïðÿìàÿ ïðè Ã. îòîáðàæàåòñÿ íà ïàðàëëåëüíóþ ïðÿìóþ, ñîâïàäàþùóþ èëè íå ñîâïàäàþùóþ ñ ïåðâîé ïðÿìîé; âñÿêèé îòðåçîê îòîáðàæàåòñÿ íà ïàðàëëåëüíûé îòðåçîê òàê, ÷òî îòíîøåíèå èõ äëèí ðàâíî êîýôôèöèåíòó .  ïðåîáðàçîâàíèè Ã. öåíòð Ã. îòîáðàæàåòñÿ íà ñåáÿ, ò.å. îñòàåòñÿ íåïîäâèæíîé òî÷êîé.
Ìíîæåñòâî Ã. ñ îáùèì öåíòðîì ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ãðóïïó ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé. Ã. åñòü ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé áîëåå îáùåãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ — ïîäîáèÿ. Ã. ìîæåò çàäàâàòüñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó: öåíòðîì è êîýôôèöèåíòîì Ã.; öåíòðîì è äâóìÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííûìè òî÷êàìè; äâóìÿ ïàðàìè ñîîòâåòñòâåííûõ òî÷åê è , è . Âñÿêàÿ îêðóæíîñòü ïðè Ã. îòîáðàæàåòñÿ íà îêðóæíîñòü, ïðè ýòîì öåíòð îäíîé èç íèõ ïåðåõîäèò â öåíòð äðóãîé.
Ã. èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè êîïèðîâàíèè ôèãóð ñ ïîìîùüþ ïàíòîãðàôà, ïðè ñúåìêàõ ïëàíà íà ìåñòíîñòè (ìåíçóëüíàÿ ñúåìêà), ïðè ôîòîãðàôèðîâàíèè, ïðè ðåøåíèè çàäà÷ íà ïîñòðîåíèå (ìåòîä ãîìîòåòèè).
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